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-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 01:57pm
[這篇文章最後由csyin在 2006/01/11 08:19pm 第 2 次編輯]
之前有人發起網路文章的翻譯運動來造福大眾,
我也來翻譯目前科學界對食蟲植物的論文摘要報告.
:em03: 注意事項
1. 學術論文的寫作型態本來就比較枯燥乏味, 但有些比較難讓人看懂的地方可能是原作者的寫作能力較差的關係. :em06:
2. 我儘量以符合中文習慣的表達方式來翻譯, 所以中英對照上可能不會那麼相符. :em05:
3. 我的英文不夠好, 若有翻錯請指正. :em15:
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 02:02pm
[這篇文章最後由csyin在 2006/01/11 02:13pm 第 1 次編輯]
[b]TITLE[/b]
An S-like ribonuclease gene is used to generate a trap-leaf enzyme in the carnivorous plant Drosera adelae. [b]abstract[/b]
Carnivorous plants usually grow in nutrient-deficient habitats, and thus they partly depend on insects for nitrogen and phosphate needed for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis. We report that a sticky digestive liquid from a sundew, Drosera adelae, contains an abundant amount of an S-like ribonuclease (RNase) that shows high amino acid-sequence similarity to S-like RNases induced by phosphate starvation or wounding in normal plants. By giving leaves an RNase "coat", D. adelae seems to achieve two requirements simultaneously to adapt itself to its specific surroundings: it obtains phosphates from insects, and defends itself against pathogen attack. [b]source[/b]
Okabe T, Yoshimoto I, Hitoshi M, Ogawa T, Ohyama T.
FEBS Lett. 2005, 579: 5729-5733
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16225872&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum [b]標題[/b]
食蟲植物D. adelae的一種S-like ribonuclease基因是用於製造捕蟲葉酵素 [b]摘要[/b]
食蟲植物通常生長在養份缺乏的環境，因而它們在一定程度上要依賴昆蟲所提供的氮和磷來作為氨基酸和核甘酸合成之用。我們在此報告毛氈苔D. adelae的黏性消化液中大量含有一種的S-like ribonuclease，其與一般植物在缺磷或受傷時所產生的S-like ribonuclease在氨基酸序列上具有高度相似性。經由RNase在葉子上的「披覆」，D. adelase似乎同時得到兩種好處來適應它們所生存的獨特環境：它們可以從昆蟲上獲得磷，並可保護它們對抗病原的傷害。 註：Ribonuclease (RNase)可分解RNA。
-- 作者： oceansky
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 02:07pm
造福人群！謝謝！
-- 作者： ㄚ甫
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 06:17pm
1.翻的很棒喔！~~~給您愛的鼓勵：加油加油！
2.我心中有個小小的問題：從摘要看起來，一般植物受傷時會產生一種類似S-like ribonuclease的酵素來防止蟲害，那麼D.adelae的黏性消化液中的S-like ribonuclease不就能防蟲害嗎？那蟲蟲看到D.adelae應該是躲的越遠越好，這不就和它要抓蟲的目的相抵制嗎？....^^"
也能解釋這原因的可能有：1.D.adelae吸引蟲的機制與黏性消化液之化學上的關聯很小，但不排除與黏性消化一有關的物理其他因素。2.黏性消化液中的S-like ribonuclease 所防止的蟲害與所捕食的蟲之種類是有區分的。
還有一般植物缺磷時，會產生S-like ribonuclease，這樣又和D.adelae抓蟲的演化機制有何關聯呢？是說因為D.adelae生長在缺磷的狀態下，同時也幫助刺激S-like ribonuclease gene分泌S-like ribonuclease 嗎？.....這可能要詳看文章才知道吧....^^"
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 06:31pm
關於S-like ribonuclease的問題我認為蠻易解釋的.
S-like ribonuclease跟抓蟲沒關係, 因為蟲都被黏住了怎麼跑得掉?
S-like ribonuclease的防禦作用應該是跟病菌之類有關的東西, 而不是蟲.
然後, 一般植物的S-like ribonuclease和D. adelae的S-like ribonuclease的氨基酸序列相似, 因此食蟲植物的S-like ribonuclease並不是它獨自演化出來的, 而是食蟲植物在演化出捕蟲能力之前就有的.
-- 作者： 南美阿政
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 06:32pm
逛食蟲植物版中
我最喜歡您的文章了
感謝分享 聲援你
加油
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 07:59pm
[b]title[/b]
Tentacles of in vitro-grown round-leaf sundew (Drosera rotundifoliaL.) show induction of chitinase activity upon mimicking the presence of prey. [b]abstract[/b]
Induction of plant-derived chitinases in the leaves of a carnivorous plant was demonstrated using aseptically grown round-leaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.). The presence of insect prey was mimicked by placing the chemical inducers gelatine, salicylic acid and crustacean chitin on leaves. In addition, mechanical stirring of tentacles was performed. Chitinase activity was markedly increased in leaf exudates upon application of notably chitin. Application of gelatine increased the proteolytic activity of leaf exudates, indicating that the reaction of sundew leaves depends on the molecular nature of the inducer applied. In situ hybridization of sundew leaves with a Drosera chitinase probe showed chitinase gene expression in different cell types of non-treated leaves, but not in the secretory cells of the glandular heads. Upon induction, chitinase mRNA was also present in the secretory cells of the sundew leaf. The combined results indicate that chitinase is likely to be involved in the decomposition of insect prey by carnivorous plants. This adds a novel role to the already broad function of chitinases in the plant kingdom and may contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the ecological success of carnivorous plants in nutritionally poor environments. [b]source[/b]
Matusikova I, Salaj J, Moravcikova J, Mlynarova L, Nap JP, Libantova J.
Planta. 2005, 222: 1020-1027.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16049675&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum
[b]標題[/b]
模擬獵物存在時試管培養的圓葉毛氈苔(Drosera rotundifolia L)之腺毛具有可誘導性之幾丁質分解酵素(chitinase)活性
[b]摘要[/b]
本研究以無菌培養的圓葉毛氈苔(D. rotundifolia)來論證食蟲植物的葉子可誘導出植物性幾丁質分解酵素。昆蟲獵物存在狀態的模擬方法是在葉子上放置化學誘導物質：明膠、水楊酸或甲殼類幾丁，另外，亦有對腺毛進行機械性的刺激。上述這幾種方式中，使用甲殼幾丁時特別能讓葉子的分泌物顯著地增加幾丁質分解酵素的活性；使用明膠時則增加葉子分泌物中的蛋白質分解活性。這些現象指出，毛氈苔葉子上的反應是取決於誘導物質的分子特性。以毛氈苔幾丁質分解酵素為探針，利用In situ hybridization技術分析毛氈苔的葉子，實驗結果顯示，幾丁質分解酵素基因會表現在未受處理前葉子上的不同型態的細胞，但此基因並不表現在腺毛腺體頭部上的分泌細胞。直到誘導時，幾丁質分解酵素之mRNA才會表現在毛氈苔葉子上的分泌細胞。這些結果指出，幾丁質分解酵素很可能與食蟲植物分解昆蟲有關，亦為植物界中的幾丁質分解酵素其原已具有多樣的功能再添新的一筆，這也許又提供我們對食蟲植物在養份貧瘠的環境中生態上成功的背後，其分子機構上的知識。 註：幾丁質分解酵素可分解昆蟲外殼。
-- 作者： ㄚ甫
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 08:15pm
[quote][b]下面引用由[u]csyin[/u]在 [i]2006/01/11 06:31pm[/i] 發表的內容：[/b]
然後, 一般植物的S-like ribonuclease和D. adelae的S-like ribonuclease的氨基酸序列相似, 因此食蟲植物的S-like ribonuclease並不是它獨自演化出來的, 而是食蟲植物在演化出捕蟲能力之前就有的.
[/quote]
以蟲的角度來看，您我的想法一致。
但就磷的角度而言，這點和文章提到的適應性有何關聯呢？
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 08:24pm
這是指食蟲植物具有RNase, 故可以從分解RNA的過程中得到磷,
也就是說, 食蟲植物多了一種獲得磷的工具, 更能適應缺乏缺養份的環境, 而不是光靠分解蛋白質來獲得磷.
-- 作者： ㄚ甫
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 08:48pm
喔.....原來是這樣解釋。
因為從文章中提到 "一般植物在缺磷或受傷時所產生的S-like ribonuclease在氨基酸序列上具有高度相似性；D. adelase似乎同時得到兩種好處來適應它們所生存的獨特環境"，這兩句話讓我想到誤認為D.adelae的S-like ribonuclease與缺磷有直接的因果關係。(搞不好也有關係，但不會只限於食蟲植物)
一般植物在缺磷時會分泌S-like ribonuclease 但此作用主要不是要分解蟲的mRNA，而D.adelae在缺磷環境下的演化，由於也分泌S-like ribonuclease能分解蟲的mRNA剛好用來食蟲，是這樣解釋嗎？
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/11 08:53pm
你的推論是可行的, 不過我沒看過原文, 不知作者如何解釋.
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/13 09:22am
[b]Title[/b]
Secondary metabolites in in vitro cultured plants of the genus Drosera [b]abstract[/b]
Extracts from plantlets of different species of the genus Drosera, grown as in vitro cultures, were evaluated for the level of phenolic secondary metabolites from the group of naphthoquinones and flavonols. The profiles of natural products in the extracts obtained from different species were monitored by HPLC with UV detection at 260 and 330 nm. On the basis of the data obtained, Drosera binata, the species with the highest amount of plumbagin, was selected for further studies. The most effective method of extraction of quinones was established and the composition of phenolic secondary metabolites in the tissues was determined. For the identification of phenolic compounds, HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI/MS were applied. [b]source[/b]
Marczak L, Kawiak A, Lojkowska E, Stobiecki M. Phytochem Anal. 2005, 16: 143-149. [b]link[/b]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15997845
[b]標題[/b]
試管培養毛氈苔之二次代謝產物
[b]摘要[/b]
我們研究在不同種類中，試管培養毛氈苔培植體之萃取物其源自於naphehoquinone和黃酮醇的酚類二次代謝物的含量。不同種類的毛氈苔萃取物之天然物圖譜是以高效液相層析儀以260和330 nm紫外光波段來獲得。基於所獲得資料，D. binata是所有分析的毛氈苔中含有最大量的礬松素，所以這種毛氈苔再用於下一步的研究。我們建立出最有效的醌類的萃取方法，並分析植物組織中的酚類二次代謝產物的成份。在鑑別酚類化合物上，我們使用紫外光高效液相層析儀及電灑法串聯式質譜高效液相層析儀。
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/13 09:50am
[b]Title[/b]
Comparison of the antiinflammatory effects of Drosera rotundifolia and Drosera madagascariensis in the HET-CAM assay. [b]abstract[/b]
The antiinflammatory effects of ethanol and aqueous extracts from Drosera rotundifolia and from Drosera madagascariensis were compared in vivo in the HET-CAM assay. Both extracts from D. rotundifolia and the ethanol extract from D. madagascariensis showed remarkable efficacy at doses of 500 microg/pellet. The inhibition of the inflammation by the extracts was stronger than that by 50 microg hydrocortisone/pellet. In contrast, there was only a very weak effect observed at a dose of 500 microg/pellet of the water extract from D. madagascariensis. The chemical analyses of the extracts showed that the effect cannot be attributed to naphthoquinones, but might be due to flavonoids. Ellagic acid obviously plays an important role in the antiangiogenic effect of the Drosera extracts. [b]source[/b]
Paper DH, Karall E, Kremser M, Krenn L. Phytother Res. 2005, 19: 323-326. [b]link[/b]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16041727
[b]標題[/b]
以HET-CAM分析法來比較毛氈苔D. rotundifolia和D. madagascariensis的抗發炎效果
[b]摘要[/b]
我們利用體內HET-CAM分析法來比較毛氈苔D. rotundifolia和D. madagascariensis之乙醇及水性萃取物的抗發炎效果。D. rotundifolia的兩種萃取物及D. madagascariensis的乙醇萃取物在500 μg/pellet的劑量下具有顯著的藥效，而且這些萃取物對發炎的抑制效果比起氫化可體松在50 μg/pellet的劑量下更來得有效。相較之下，D. madagascariensis的水性萃取物在500 μg/pellet劑量下的藥效則非常微弱。化學分析的結果顯示，此藥效並非是來自於naphthoquinone類，而可能是來自於黃酮類。鞣花酸則對毛氈苔萃取物的抗血管新生效果上扮演了重要的角色。
-- 作者： ㄚ甫
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/14 06:06pm
屌耶！國外的研究就是什麼題目都有人做，反觀台灣的研究學者，真的差國外一大截，冷門的都沒有人想碰，國家不太補助那些冷門研究，想研究點不一樣的，幾乎都還要出國深造，真的不知道要說什麼？
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/16 09:23am
[b]Title[/b]
Antimicrobial activity and chemical investigation of Brazilian Drosera. [b]abstract[/b]
The antimicrobial activity of three different extracts (hexanic, ethyl acetate, methanol) obtained from Brazilian Drosera species (D. communis, D. montana var. montana, D. brevifolia, D. villosa var. graomogolensis, D. villosa var. villosa, Drosera sp. 1, and Drosera sp. 2 ) were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecium (ATCC23212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC11229), Salmonella choleraesuis (ATCC10708), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC13883), and Candida albicans (a human isolate). Better antimicrobial activity was observed with D. communis and D. montana var. montana ethyl acetate extracts. Phytochemical analyses from D. communis, D. montana var. montana and D. brevifolia yielded 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (plumbagin); long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons were isolated from D. communis and from D. villosa var. villosa, a mixture of long chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids, was isolated from D. communis and 3b-O-acetylaleuritolic acid from D. villosa var. villosa. [b]source[/b]
Ferreira DT, Andrei CC, Saridakis HO, Faria Tde J, Vinhato E, Carvalho KE, Daniel JF, Machado SL, Saridakis DP, Braz-Filho R. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004, 99: 753-755. [b]link[/b]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15654434 [b]標題[/b]
巴西的毛氈苔其抗菌活性及化學研究 [b]摘要[/b]
我們以金黃色葡萄球菌(ATCC 25923)、腸球菌(ATCC23212)、綠膿桿菌(ATCC27853)、大腸桿菌(ATCC11229)、霍亂沙門氏菌(ATCC10708)、克雷白氏肺炎菌(ATCC13883)和白色念珠菌(從人上分離出來的種類)，來測試取自於巴西的毛氈苔(D. communis、D. montana var. montana、D. brevifolia、D. villosa var. graomogolensis、D. villosa var. villosa、Drosera sp. 1，和Drosera sp. 2 )的三種不同萃取物(己烷類、乙酸乙酯、甲醇)的抗菌活性。我們觀察到D. communis和D. montana var. montana的乙酸乙酯萃取物具有較好的抗菌活性。來自D. communis、D. montana var. montana和D. brevifolia的植物化學分析可得到5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (礬松素)；D. communis和D. villosa var. villosa可分離出長鍊脂肪族碳氫化合物，從D. communis可分離出長鍊脂肪醇類和羧酸類混合物，從D. villosa var. villosa可分離出3b-O-acetylaleuritolic acid。
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/16 06:37pm
[b]Title[/b]
Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface [b]abstract[/b]
Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes have highly specialized leaves adapted to attract, capture, retain, and digest arthropod prey. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the capture of insects, ranging from slippery epicuticular wax crystals to downward-pointing lunate cells and alkaloid secretions that anesthetize insects. Here we report that perhaps the most important capture mechanism has thus far remained overlooked. It is based on special surface properties of the pitcher rim (peristome) and insect "aquaplaning." The peristome is characterized by a regular microstructure with radial ridges of smooth overlapping epidermal cells, which form a series of steps toward the pitcher inside. This surface is completely wettable by nectar secreted at the inner margin of the peristome and by rain water, so that homogenous liquid films cover the surface under humid weather conditions. Only when wet, the peristome surface is slippery for insects, so that most ant visitors become trapped. By measuring friction forces of weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) on the peristome surface of Nepenthes bicalcarata, we demonstrate that the two factors preventing insect attachment to the peristome, i.e., water lubrication and anisotropic surface topography, are effective against different attachment structures of the insect tarsus. Peristome water films disrupt attachment only for the soft adhesive pads but not for the claws, whereas surface topography leads to anisotropic friction only for the claws but not for the adhesive pads. Experiments on Nepenthes alata show that the trapping mechanism of the peristome is also essential in Nepenthes species with waxy inner pitcher walls. [b]source[/b]
Bohn HF, Federle W. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004, 101: 14138-14143. [b]link[/b]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15383667&query_hl=10&itool=pubmed_docsum [b]標題[/b]
滑水的昆蟲：豬籠草以完全可以用水潤溼的向異性表面的唇來捕捉獵物 [b]摘要[/b]
瓶子類的植物中，豬籠草具有高度特化的葉子以適用於吸引、捕捉、攔住，並消化節肢動物類的獵物。已有數種捕蟲的機制被提出來了，從光滑表面上的臘結晶到朝向底部的新月形細胞，以及可麻醉昆蟲的植物鹼分泌物。在此我們所要報導的，或許最重要的捕蟲機制從長久以來就被忽略了。這捕蟲機制是基於瓶子唇部的特殊表面特性及昆蟲的「滑水」。豬籠草的唇是由帶有放射狀脊形的光滑表皮細胞相疊成連續而朝向瓶內的臺階，而形成有規則性微小結構這樣的特徵。這樣的表面是可由位在唇的內側邊緣的蜜腺的分泌和雨水而完全弄溼。因此，在潮溼氣候的狀態下，唇的表面上會覆蓋一層均一的液體薄膜。只有在潮溼的狀態下，唇的表面才會讓蟲滑落。藉由測量編織蟻(Oecophylla smaragdina)在二齒豬籠草的唇上的磨擦力，我們證明了有兩種因子會防止昆蟲附著在唇上，也就是說，水的潤滑作用和異向性表面形貌都能有效地抵制昆蟲腳指上不同處的附著面。唇的水膜對昆蟲附著能力的破壞只對軟的肉墊(譯注：例如毛毛蟲的腳)有效，但對爪子確是無效的。反之，表面形態所帶來的異向性磨擦力只會使爪子抓不住，但不會影響黏性的肉墊。在N. alata上的實驗顯示，豬籠草帶有臘的內側瓶壁對唇的捕蟲機制亦是不可或缺的。
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/21 02:30pm
[b]Title[/b]
The roots of carnivorous plants [b]abstract[/b]
Carnivorous plants may benefit from animal-derived nutrients to supplement minerals from the soil. Therefore, the role and importance of their roots is a matter of debate. Aquatic carnivorous species lack roots completely, and many hygrophytic and epiphytic carnivorous species only have a weakly developed root system. In xerophytes, however, large, extended and/or deep-reaching roots and sub-soil shoots develop. Roots develop also in carnivorous plants in other habitats that are hostile, due to flooding, salinity or heavy metal occurance. Information about the structure and functioning of roots of carnivorous plants is limited, but this knowledge is essential for a sound understanding of the plants' physiology and ecology. Here we compile and summarise available information on:
(1) The morphology of the roots.
(2) The root functions that are taken over by stems and leaves in species without roots or with poorly developed root systems; anchoring and storage occur by specialized chlorophyll-less stems; water and nutrients are taken up by the trap leaves.
(3) The contribution of the roots to the nutrient supply of the plants; this varies considerably amongst the few investigated species. We compare nutrient uptake by the roots with the acquisition of nutrients via the traps.
(4) The ability of the roots of some carnivorous species to tolerate stressful conditions in their habitats; e.g., lack of oxygen, saline conditions, heavy metals in the soil, heat during bushfires, drought, and flooding. [b]source[/b]
Adlassnig, W., Peroutka, M., Lambers, H., and Lichtscheidl, I. K. Plant and Soil, 2005, 274: 127-140. [b]link[/b]
http://springerlink.metapress.com/(dzplfibyp3xnyz55ghy2fy45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,7,15;journal,5,485;linkingpublicationresults,1:100326,1 [b]標題[/b]
食蟲植物的根 [b]摘要[/b]
食蟲植物能夠從動物身上的養份來獲得土壞裡的礦物質。因此，它們根部的作用及重要性就成為爭論的焦點。水生的食蟲植物完全缺乏根部，溼生及著生的食蟲植物則擁有發育不良的根系。不過，旱生食蟲植物則發展出大型、伸展的或是深根，或是半埋在土裡的莖。另外，因為生長環境遭遇到水災、鹽份或重金屬時，則不利於食蟲植物的根部發育。關於食蟲植物根部的結構及功能方面的資料很有限，然而這個知識對於完整的植物生理學及植物生態學是不可或缺的。在此我們收集並總結可得的資料於下列幾點：
(1) 根部的型態。
(2) 無根及根系發育不良者其根部的功能；針對莖部不含葉綠素的種類其根部固定能力及養份儲藏能力；從捕蟲葉上獲得水及養份的能力。
(3) 根部對植物養份的供應上之貢獻；在少數被研究的對象之中，根部的功能差異相當大，我們比較養份的獲得在經由根部及捕蟲葉上之間的差異。
(4) 一些食蟲植物的根部在其棲地中對環境壓力的忍受能力；例如：缺氧、有鹽份的環境、土壤裡的重金屬、野火帶來的熱、乾旱及淹水。
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/26 08:51pm
[b]Title[/b]
Patterns of prey capture and prey availability among populations of the carnivorous plant Pinguicula moranensis (Lentibulariaceae) along an environmental gradient [b]abstract[/b]
In this study we explored the effect of the physical environment and the availability of prey (biomass and taxonomic composition) on the patterns of prey capture and reproduction on five populations of Pinguicula moranensis (Lentibulariaceae) in areas ranging from pine–oak forests to desert scrublands. Environmental variation was summarized using principal factor analysis. Prey availability and prey capture increased toward the shadiest, most humid, and fertile population. The probability of reproduction and average bud production per population did not follow the same tendency because both fitness components peaked at the middle of the environmental gradient. These results suggest that the benefits derived from carnivory are maximized at sites fulfilling a trade-off between light, moisture, and prey availability. We also found that the taxonomic composition of both the available prey and that of the prey captured by plants varied among populations. The results also indicated that the prey captured by plants are not a random sample of prey available within populations. Overall, the results from this study revealed a marked amount of heterogeneity in the physical and biotic environment among the populations of P. moranensis, which has the potential to affect the outcome of the interaction between this carnivorous species and its prey. [b]source[/b]
American Journal of Botany. 2003;90:1341-1348. [b]link[/b]
http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/90/9/1341?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1138081797550_3041&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=90&firstpage=1341&journalcode=amjbot [b]標題[/b]
沿著環境梯度的食蟲植物P. moranensis族群之間其獵物捕捉與獵物獲得性的模式 [b]摘要[/b]
在本研究中，我們探究在一個由松樹和橡樹混成的森林到荒漠灌木叢林地的區域之間，其物理環境與獵物獲得性(生物量和物種組成)對五個P. moranensis的族群在獵物捕捉與繁殖模式上的影響。我們以主要因子分析法來概述環境變化。獵物的可得性與獵物捕捉與最大遮蔭處、最大溼度和豐富的獵物族群成正相關性。植物繁殖與每個族群的平均芽生成量之機率並不遵循相同的趨勢，因為這兩個適配要素在環境梯度的中間達到高峰。這些結果意味著當某地具有光照、溼度與獵物可得性之間的交易時，食蟲植物可獲得最大的利益。我們也發現，可獲得的獵物與被植物捉到的獵物之物種組成在捕蟲蓳族群之間有所不同。這結果亦指出了被植物捕捉的獵物並非為族群之中可抓到的獵物中的隨機樣品。總結來說，從這篇研究所得到的結果顯示在P. moranensis族群之間的物理及生物環境中一個明顯的數量上的異質性，其具有潛力來影響食蟲植物與獵物間交互作用的結果。
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/01/31 04:20pm
[b]Title[/b]
Food or sex; pollinator–prey conflict in carnivorous plants [b]abstract[/b]
Carnivorous plants potentially trap their own pollinators and it has been argued that considerable spatial separation of flowers and traps has evolved to protect pollinators. We investigated flower-trap separation of Drosera and Utricularia. Short Drosera had a greater element of floral–trap separation than tall Drosera. Such a relationship is unexpected for plants whose peduncles were evolved to protect their pollinators. Utricularia can not trap pollinators but this genus still produces exceptionally long peduncles. We propose that flower-trap separation evolved because carnivorous plants are often short and need to project their flowers well above ground level to make them more attractive to pollinators. [b]source[/b]
Ecology Letters, 2001, 6: 511-513 [b]link[/b]
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00258.x [b]標題[/b]
食物或性；授粉者—獵物的矛盾之於食蟲植物 [b]摘要[/b]
食蟲植物可能會捕捉它們特定的授粉者，因此有人認為食蟲植物演化出花與捕蟲葉之間在空間上存在著相當大的距離，是用來保護授粉者的。本論文中，我們研究毛氈苔與狸藻的花—捕蟲葉分離。低矮型的毛氈苔比起直立型的毛氈苔來說其花—捕蟲葉的分離較大。像這樣的關聯是無法推測這樣的植物，其花梗會經由演化來保護它們的授粉者。狸藻並不會捕捉它們的授粉者，但是它們仍然長出格外長的花梗。我們在此提出，食蟲植物的花—捕蟲葉分離是演化出來的結果，因為食蟲植物大多是低矮的，需要將它們的花朵遠離地面來加以展現，這樣才更能吸引授粉者。
-- 作者： csyin
-- 發表時間： 2006/02/18 08:43pm
[這篇文章最後由csyin在 2006/02/18 08:48pm 第 1 次編輯]
[b]Title[/b]
Flowering phenology and reproductive biology of Drosera anglica (Droseraceae) [b]abstract[/b]
Prompted by the sparse knowledge of the reproductive biology of carnivorous plants, compared with studies of their trapping habits, we investigated the flowering phenology and pollination biology of Drosera anglica Huds. in two fens in mid-western Canada. Seed set and germination were used to compare the effectiveness of a series of pollination treatments, including single insect visits to virgin flowers. Flowers opened during mid-morning but closed by early afternoon, and exhibited pseudo-cleistogamic behaviour in cool, overcast weather. D. anglica was found to be self-compatible, and able to self-pollinate and self-fertilize. Geitonogamy was an uncommon mode of self-reproduction because plants typically possessed a lone inflorescence upon which a single, short-lived flower opened, a few days before the next bud reached anthesis. Insect visits to the fragrance-lacking, nectarless flowers, chiefly by flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), were infrequent (one visit per 1 h 40 min of observation), and the low frequency of seed set and low numbers of seeds per fruit in pollination treatments involving insects, suggest the species does not rely on insects to effect pollination. Self-pollination, with or without the aid of a vector (insects, wind) was as effective as natural pollination; ultimately, autogamy is chiefly responsible for natural seed set. Thus, the species exhibits characteristics of facultative autogamy. [b]source[/b]
Gillian L. Murza and Arthur R. Davis. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 147, 417–426. [b]link[/b]
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00395.x [b]標題[/b]
Drosera anglica (Droseraceae)的植物開花物候學與生殖生物學 [b]摘要[/b]
與捕蟲習性的研究比較起來，食蟲植物在生殖生物學方面的貧乏知識激使我們研究兩個位在加拿大中西部的沼澤中，D. anglica Huds的植物開花物候學及生殖生物學。結實率和發芽率用來比較一系列授粉處理方法的有效性，這些授粉處理方法包含單一昆蟲對處女花的拜訪。這種毛氈苔的花朵在早上綻放而在中午過後凋謝，在天氣較冷時顯現出假性閉鎖授粉的特性，在陰天時則表現出自交親和性，並可自花授粉與自花授精。同株異花授粉則為自體繁殖中不常見的模式，這是因為這種植物典型來說只長出單獨一根花序，當一朵短命的花開之時，鄰近的花苞則是在幾天前開過。昆蟲之中會拜訪這種沒有花香和花蜜的花，主要是蠅類(雙翅目：食蚜蠅科)。來訪的次數並不頻繁(在觀測期間每一小時40分鐘一次)，所以結實率之中與一個果實內的種子，只有少數比例是因為昆蟲授粉所造成。這些現象指出這種毛氈苔並不是依賴昆蟲來有效地授粉。有或沒有助力(昆蟲、風)參與的自花授粉則與自然授粉一樣有效；最後，自花授粉是主要造成自然結實率的原因。因此這種毛氈苔具有自花授粉的特徵。
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